Whisk baking powder, salt, and 4 cups flour in a medium bowl. Using an electric mixer on medium-high speed, beat butter and sugar in a large bowl until pale and fluffy, about 5 minutes. Add 2 eggs one at a time, beating to combine after each addition and scraping down sides of bowl
Reduce speed to low and gradually add dry ingredients; mix until dough comes together. Divide dough in half and form into two ¾"-thick disks. Cover and chill at least 2 hours
Place racks in lower and upper thirds of oven; preheat to 350°. Let 1 disk of dough sit at room temperature until softened slightly, about 30 minutes
Lightly beat remaining egg in a small bowl to blend. Roll out dough on a very lightly floured surface to about ¼" thick, dusting with flour as needed (use as little flour as possible). Cut out 3 1/2" rounds with cutter and, using an offset spatula or bench scraper, transfer to 2 parchment-lined baking sheets
Working a few at a time, brush edge of rounds with beaten egg, then place 1 1/2 tsp. filling in center. Fold sides up to make a triangle, pinching points gently to seal and leaving about 1" surface of filling exposed. Be gentle- the dough is very fragile and has a tendency to crack. Don't worry if it does - just pinch it back together
Gather up scraps of dough remaining on board, reroll to 1/4" thickness, and cut out additional rounds. Repeat filling and folding process. You should have about 12 cookies per disk of dough
Brush sides of folded dough with egg. Bake cookies, rotating baking sheets halfway through, until bottoms are golden brown, 18–22 minutes. Let cool on baking sheets